Dictionary

Below you will find a simple Eittlandic to English dictionary. It uses some abbreviations you should keep in mind:

• acc: accusative
• adj: adjective
• adv: adverb
• art: article
• aux: auxiliary
• c: common
• comp: comparative
• conj: conjunction
• Dan: Danish
• dat: dative
• def: definite
• det: determiner
• Eng: English
• EON: Early Old Norse
• f: feminine
• gen: genitive
• Ger: German
• imp: imperative
• in: irregular noun
• ind: indicative
• interr: interrogative
• iv: irregular verb
• m: masculine
• mass: mass noun
• ME: Middle Eittlandic
• n: neuter
• neg: negative
• nom: nominal
• Nor: Norwegian (Nynork if no dialect is specified)
• num: numeral
• OE: Old Eittlandic
• OI: Old Icelandic
• ON: Old Norse
• pas: passive
• pl: plural
• pn: proper noun
• prep: preposition
• pret: preterite
• pron: pronoun
• sg: singular
• sn: strong noun
• stg: strong
• sv: strong verb
• Swe: Swedish
• wk: weak
• wn: weak noun
• wv: weak verb

Note that when a word is marked solely as masculine, feminine or neutral, it is a noun. Otherwise, another marker such as adj. should be added, for instance f.adj. for a feminine adjective.

All words are indexed by their spelling as determined by Standard Eittlandic, which roughly corresponds to the accusative of other dialects.

All words are indexed by a standardized traditional spelling, with occasionally their Standard Eittlandic spelling specified below in the word’s entry. Each noun has its declension presented to the reader as a guide to how it might generally look in dialects other than Standard Eittlandic. Other variations may exist from one dialect to another that are not presented here. For instance, while most Eittlandic dialects lost the ru part of the dat.pl. declention, going from férum to fém, some dialects in East Northern Eittland still retain the former form.

Letters in parenthesis are no longer used when writing Eittlandic but are still underlying vowels that can still affect the pronunciation of the word and its surroundings. For instance, dag can represent three forms of the word: dagr, dag and daga (the -r and -a are silent in Standard Eittlandic). The first form is pronounced /daɣ/ while the other two are pronounced /daj/. They can also represent grammatical cases which are no longer used in Standard Eittlandic, such as dagr. While it exists as is in several Eittlandic dialects, it doesn’t exist as dagr in Standard Eittlandic, only as dag. The underlying vowel also reappears when the word is used in its definite form. For instance, dagr becomes dagann due to the underlying -a in its accusative form dag(a) while fiskr becomes fiskinn (the «i» is added when no other underlying vowel can replace it). The definite form of a noun is indicated in its declension table.

A

að

prep. /ɑð/, from ON að

As a preposition, að generally indicates motion or direction towards something, or attachment to something. It can be translated as to, towards, or at.

1. (part.) to, used to indicate the infinitive form of a verb

   Example

   Han byrt að syng

   She started to sing

2. to, towards, used to indicate direction or destination

   Example

   • Hann fert að borgin

     He went to the city

   • Ek sendt brévit að vinin

     I sent the letter to friends

   Unlike til, að emphasizes on the proximity towards the goal, or in the case of a movement (physical or metaphorical), of an approach of the goal.

   Some dialects also prefer to use að rather than til.

3. at, in, used to indicate location or position

   Example

   • Ek býr að þett húsit

     I live in this house

   • Vár mœtumk að veitingstaðin

     We met at the restaurant

4. on, upon, used to indicate contact or support

   Example

   • Bókann liggjar að borðit

     The book is next to the table

   • Hann sitjar að stólin

     He sits down in the chair

af(i)

wn.m. /ɑf/, from ON afi

1. grand-father
2. old, elderly man

akaluk

sn.m. /ˈɑk.ɑl.ok/, probably a Tunrit borrowing

1. snow-capped mountain

See also fjall.

alf

wn.m. /ɑlf/

1. power, might

all

/ɑlː/, from ON allr

1. indef.pron. all, everyone, everything
2. adj.

   1. all, whole or entire entity

      Example

      Allt húsit er litit.

      The house is completely painted.

      all-t	hús-it	er	lit-it
      all-sg.n.NOM	house.NOM-DEF	to.be.3sg.pres	to.paint-part.adj.sg.n.NOM

   2. all, complete group or set

      Example

      Allar bátinn er í hávnin.

      All the boats are in the harbour.

   3. all, full extent or duration

      Example

      • Allar daginn var sólskinn.

        All the days were sunny.

      • Allr daginn er varmr ná!

        The whole day is warm, isn’t it?

   4. all, quite, entirely, completely

      Example

      Svá er allt góðt!

      It’s all good / alright!

Alfshringinssagat

pn. /ˈɑlfs.ˌr̥iŋ.ins.ˌsɑj.ɑt/

1. The Rings of Power

almen

adj. /ɑlmen/

1. general, global

angak

sn.m. /ˈɑŋɡ.ɑk/, a Tunrit-inherited word

1. uncle; the brother of one’s parent, with a connotation of being an elder or respected figure

annaman

sn.n. /ˈɑnː.ɑ.ˌmɑn/, from annar and man

1. someone else

annar

/ɑnː.ɑr/

1. other, different

amm(a)

wn.f. /ɑmː/, from ON amma

1. grand-mother, granny
2. old, elderly woman

aptr

adv., prep. /ɑɸtr̩/, from ON aptr

1. behind, in or to the rear of, at the back of

   Example

   Hann standt aptr húsit

   He stood behind the house

2. after in time or sequence

   Example

   Ek kœmt hér aptr þér

   I came here after you

3. supporting or backing someone or something

   Example

   Ek standar aptr þér

   I stand behind you, i.e. I support you

4. lagging or falling behind in progress or development

   Example

   Hann er aptr í nem

   He is behind his studies

arm

sn.m. /ɑrm/, from ON armr

1. arm
2. sleeve; the part of a garment that covers the arm
3. branch; a secondary woody stem growing from the trunk or a bough of a tree

automobil

wn.n. /ˈɔtoˌmobel/, from Ancient Greek αὐτός and Latin mōbilis. See also bil

1. car (motorcar, automobile), rarely used

See bil for declensions.

Á

á

Noun

sn.f. /ɛ̀/, from ON á

1. river

Preposition

prep. /ɛ̀/, from ON á

As a preposition, á indicates a position or static location on a surface, in time, or in state. It generally triggers the accusative for temporal uses, while it triggers the dative for any other use.

1. on, upon, used to indicate position or location on a surface

   Example

   • Bókann liggjar á borðit

     The book is on the table

   • Hann sitjar á stólin

     He sits on the chair

2. at, used to indicate a specific time or occasion

   Example

   Vár mœtumk á Óðinsdag

   We met on Wednesday

3. in, within, used to indicate a state or condition

   Example

   Han es á far

   She is on a journey

ábreið(a)

wn.f. /ɛ̀brɑɪð/, from ON ábreiða

1. bed covering, cover, bedspread
2. any kind of cloth used for beds

Alternative form: ébreið(a)

áksl

sn.f. /ɑksl̩/, from EON áxl

1. shoulder (anatomy)
2. shoulder blade; the flat, triangular bone at the upper back part of the shoulder
3. ridge of a mountain
4. axle

áng

interj. /ɛŋ/, probably a Tunrit borrowing

1. positive counter-factual, see the questions section of the grammar

See also náng.

Alternative form: éng

ást

sn.f. /ɛ̀ʃt/, from ON ást

1. love, affection

áð

adv. /ɛ̀ð/, from ON áðr

1. before, temporal precedence or higher priority

B

bak

sn.n. /bɑk/, from ON bak

1. back; the rear part of the human body, extending from the neck to the buttocks
2. rear, reverse; the side or part of something that is opposite the front
3. support, backing; the part of something that provides strength or reinforcement from behind

barn

sn.n. /bɑrn/, from ON barn

1. child

bát

sn.m. /bɛ̀t/, from ON bátr

1. boat; a small vessel used for traveling on water

ber(a)

sv. /ber/, from ON bera

1. to transport or convey something from one place to another
2. to hold and move something
3. to endure, to tolerate; to withstand something difficult or painful

Declensions:

• infinitive: ber
• imperative: ber
• imperative passive voice: berask
• present participle: berand
• past participle: berit

bern

sn.m. /bern/, from EON bern

1. bear

See also nanuk.

bil

wn.n. /βil/, shortened from of automobil

1. car (motorcar, automobile)

birt(i)

wn.f. /birt/, from ON birti

1. brightness, the quality or state of giving off or reflecting light (see also ljós)
2. clarity, the quality or state of being clear or easily understood

bjálf(i)

wn.m. /βjɛ̀lf/, from ON bjálfi

1. skin, fur (animals)
2. skin (human’s, colloquial)

blá

adj. /blɛ̀/, from ON blár

1. blue
2. cold (colour)

bleik

adj. /blɑɪk/, from ON bleikr

1. pinkish yellow
2. warm (colour)

blóð

sn.n. /blɔ̀ð/, from ON blóð

1. blood; the red liquid that circulates in the veins and arteries of humans and other vertebrate animals

2. kinship, lineage; the relationship betweenpeople who share ancestors

   Example

   Vér eruð af sam blóð.

   We are of the same blood/family/lineage.

borð

sn.n. /borð/

1. table
2. large plank

boðorð

sn.m. /boð.orð/

1. a rule

boðorðsman

sn.m. /ˈboð.orð.ˌmɑn/, from boðorð and man

1. judge

borg

sn.f /borg/, from ON borg

1. city

bráð

sn.m. /brɛ̀ð/

Alternative form: bréð

See bróð

brév

sn.n. /brɛ̀β/, from ON bréf

1. letter, a written or printed communication, generally transported by post, especially when it is a fomal communication from one person or organisation to another
2. episle, a formal or literary letter, especially one addressed to a specific audience or dealing with a particular subject

bróð(i)

sn.m. /brɔ̀ð/ , from ON bróðir

1. brother, plural bráð

Re-analysis of ON bródir decomposed into bróð + -ir by popular etymology. Same goes for its former plural bráðir which got re-analyzed into bráð + -ir.

bróðdótt(u)

sn.f. /ˈbrɔ̀ð.dɔ̀tː/, from bróð and dótt

1. niece; the daughter of one’s brother

For decliensions, see dótt(u)

bróðson

sn.m. /ˈbrɔ̀ð.ˌson/, from bróð and son

1. nephew; the son of one’s brother

For declensions, see son

brún

adj. /bròn/, from ON brúnn

1. brown, dark red

bók(a)

sn.f. /bɔ̀k/, from ON bók

1. book, plural bøk

bøk

sn.f. /bø̀k/

See bók

bú

wn.m. /bò/

1. dweller
2. general meaning of neighbour, can also mean someone living in the neighbourhood or in the same general area

See also grann(i) and nágrann(i)

bú(a)

wv. /bò/, from ON búa

1. to live, to dwell, to reside or have one’s home in a prarticular place
2. to inhabit, to occupy, to live or occupy a place as a resident

Declensions:

• infinitive: bú
• imperative: bú
• imperative passive voice: búask
• present participle: búand
• past participle: búit

byr(ja)

wv. /byr/, from ON byrja

1. to begin, to start, to initiate an action or event, often with a sense of informality or immediacy
2. to commence, to initiate; to mark the start of something

Declensions:

• infinitive: byr
• imperative: byr
• imperative passive voice: byrjask
• present participle: byrjand
• past participle: byrit

C

D

dag

sn.m. /daɣ/, from ON dagr

1. natural day
2. day (unit of time), 24 hours
3. í dag: today
4. week day

Due to the phonological evolution of Eittlandic, the pronunciaton of the final «g» of dag ends up differing even if the written form does not. As such, a guide is included in the declension table to help students remember how these different forms are pronounced.

dá-

prefix /ˌdɛ̀/, unknown etymology

1. adjective intensifier, dáX is very X

djúp

adj. /ʒːòp/, from ON djúpr

1. deep
2. profound (figuratively)

Alternative form: djóp

djúplig

adv. /ʒːòpleɣ/, from OE djúpr (see djúp) with OE suffix -ligr (see ON -ligr)

1. deeply
2. inherently

Alternative form: djópleg

dótt(u)

sn.f. /dɔ̀tː/, from ON dóttir

1. daughter

See also panig

dyr

sn.f. /dyr/, from ON dyrr

1. door

dýn(a)

wn.f. /dø̀n/, from ON dýna

1. mattress

dýnsábreið(a)

wn.f. /dø̀ns.ɛ̀b.rɑɪð/, from dýn and ábreið

1. blanket

Alternative form: dønsébreið(a)

See ábreið for declensions.

dýnskláð

wn.n. /ˈdø̀nʃˌklɛ̀ð/, from dýn(a) and kláð(i).

1. pillow case, litt. “pillow clothes”

Alternative form: dǿnskléð

See kláð(i) for declensions.

dýr

sn.n. /dø̀r/, from ON dýr.

1. animal

dýrgríp(a)

wn.f. /ˈdø̀r.ˌɡrèp/, from dýr and gríp(a)

1. predator; an animal that hunts and kills other animals for food

   Example

   Dýrgripat finnt fœð.

   The predator found food/sustenance.

dœtt(i)

sn.f. /dœ̀tː/, from ON dóttir

Plural of dótt(i).

Đ

E

edd(a)

wn.f. /edː/, from ON edda

1. great grandmother
2. female ancestor, beyond the grandmother

eð

conj. /eð/, from ON eða

Dialectal variety of ell(a)

ef

adv. /ef/, from ON ef

1. if, in case, in case that

Always followed by a conditional verbal phrase or a noun if speakers can infer the verbal phrase from it.

ei

Regional variation of eig.

eig(i)

adv. /ɑɪɣ/, in some regions /ɑɪ/ and written ei, from ON eigi

1. not, negative marker of a verb

ein(n)

/ɑɪn/, from ON einn

1. num.
   1. one (cardinal)
2. adj.
   1. alone
   2. single
3. pronoun.
   1. one
   2. a few, some (plural)

einnig

adv. /ɑinːiɣ/, from ON einnig

1. also, too

   Something is in addition to something that hwas already been said

2. likewise, similarly

   Something is the same or similar to something that has already been said

   Example

   Ek málar Fransk, ok hann einnig

   I speak French, and so does he.

3. moreover, furthermore

   Introduce new but related information

Eittland

sn.n. /ɑɪʔlɑnd/, from OE neutral einn (alone, lonely), itself from ON einn, and ON land

1. High Kingdom of Eittland
2. island of Eittland

ekt(a)

/ekt/, from ON ektar-

1. adj. wedded
2. wn.n. spouse
3. wv. to marry

Declensions:

• infinitive: ekt
• imperative: ekt
• imperative passive voice: ektask
• present participle: ektand
• past participle: ektit

ektakon(a)

sn.f. /ˈekt.ɑ.ˌkon/, from ekt(a) and kon(a)

1. wife

For declensions, see kon(a)

ektaman

sn.m. /ˈekt.ɑ.ˌmɑn/, from ekt(a) and man

1. husband

For declensions, see man

eld

sn.m. /eld/, from ON eldr

1. fire, the phenomenon of combustion characterised by the emission of heat and light

2. passion, intensity, driving force, strong emotion or enthusiasm; intense feeling or desire; a powerful and motivating force

   Example

   Hann havir eld fyrir verkit hennum

   He has great passion for his project

ell(a)

/elː/, from ON ella, see also eð

1. (adv.) else, or, otherwise
2. (conj.) or

en

conj. /en/, from ON en. See also nem

1. yet, still
2. but (general purpose, links phrases as in English)

eng(i)

det. /eŋ/, from ein(n) and -(i)g

1. no, not any
2. any (after negative or comparative)

For the indefinite pronoun usage, see Indefinite pronouns (grammar)

engin

indef.pron. /eŋen/, from ON enginn

1. no one, none

epil

wn.n. /ˈepel/, from ON epli

1. apple

eptir

prep. /eɸter/, from ON eptir

1. after

2. afterwards

3. according to, based on

4. in search of, seeking for

   Example

   Ek em eptir Konung, kannuð ér sagja mér hvar es hann?

   I’m looking for the King, can you tell me where he is?

   ek	em	eptir	konung
   1s.NOM	to.be.1s.PRES.IND	after	king

   kann-uð	ér	sagja	mér	hvar	es	han-n
   can-2p	2p.NOM	to.tell	1s.DAT	where	to.be.3s.PRES.IND	3s.m-NOM

eptirdag

adv. /eɸterdɑj/, from eptir and dag (dative)

1. tomorrow

enn

adv. /enː/, from ON enn

1. yet
2. still

et(a)

iv. /et/, from ON eta

1. to eat
2. to consume
3. to burn fuel (generally fire)

Declensions:

• infinitive: et
• imperative: et
• imperative passive voice: etask
• present participle: etand
• past participle: etat

eyr(a)

wn.n. /œʏr/, from ON eyra

1. ear

2. hearing; the sense or ability to perceive sound

3. attention, heed; the act of listening carefully

   Example

   Ek geft eyr hans.

   I paid attention to him (litt. I gave him ears)

É

F

fað(i)

sn.m. /fað/, from ON faðir

1. father, plural feð

Re-analysis of sg. faðir and pl. feðir as fað and feð respectively, each appended with a grammatical -r or -ir (which later got reduced to -r).

faðarsyst

sn.f. /ˈfɑð.ɑr.ˌsyʃt/, from fað and syst

1. aunt; the sister of one’s brother

For declensions, see syst.

See also móðirsyst.

far

sn.f. /fɑr/, from EON far

1. journey, trip, an act of traveling from one place to another
2. travel, the action of journeying, especially to distant places
3. expedition, a journey undRtaken for a specific purpose, often involving exploration or research

far(a)

iv. /fɑr/, from ON fara

1. to go, to move, to proceed from one place to another
2. to travel, to journey, to go from one place to another, especially over a considerable distance
3. to transport, to convey, to move people or goods from one place to another
4. to happen, to occur, to take place

Declensions:

• infinitive: far
• imperative: far
• imperative passive voice: farsk
• present participle: farand
• past participle: farit

fár

adj. and indef.pron. /fɛ̀r/, from ON fár

1. few, in small numbers

The pronoun is usually in its plural form while the singular form is reserved for the adjective.

feð

sn.m. /feð/

See fað

ferð

sn.m. /ferð/, from EON ferðr

1. fjord, a long, narrow, deep inlet of the sea between high cliffs, typically formed by submerged glacial activity
2. inlet, bay, a recess in the shoreline, often narrow and partly surrounded by land

fé

in.n.mass. /fɛ̀/, from ON fé

1. wealth

fing

sn.m. /fiŋɡ/, from ON fingr

1. finger
2. digit; any of the digits of the hand, including the thumb
3. pointer, indicator; something that points or directs attention to something else
4. pointer (computer)

finn(a)

wv. /finː/, from ON finna

1. to find; to discover or perceive something by chance or search
2. to find out or become aware of something through effort or investigation

Declensions:

• infinitive: finn
• imperative: finn
• imperative passive voice: finnask
• present participle: finnand
• past participle: finnit

fisk

sn.m. /fiʃk/, from ON fiskr

1. fish

fjall

sn.n. /fjɑlː/, from ON fjall

1. mountain

See also akaluk.

flekk

sn.m. /flek/, from ON flekkr

1. spot, e.g. of colour

fløyg(a)

iv. /flœʏj/, from EON fleuga

1. to fly, to move through the air using wings or an aircraft
2. to rush, to hurry, to move or act quickly
3. to flee, to escape, to run away from danger or difficulty

Declensions:

• infinitive: fløyg
• imperative: fløyg
• imperative passive voice: fløygask
• present participle: fløygand
• past participle: fløygit

foreld

sn.m. /ˈfor.eld/, from ON foreldri

1. parent

Frídag

sn.m. /frèdɑɣ/, from EON fríadagr

1. Friday, sixth day of the week

For declensions, see dag. Does not have a definite form. See the other days of the week.

fogl

sn.m. /fogl̩/, from ON fugl

1. bird

fót

sn.m. /fɔ̀t/, from ON fótr

1. foot
2. base, foundation; the lowest part or support of something

fœð

wn.f. /fœ̀ð/, from ON fæða

1. food, nourishment; substance that provides nutrients for growth and maintenance; mostly used in the context of providing sustenance and nutrition, especially for animals; can refer to both human and animal food, with a focus on the nutritional aspect

Similarly to mat, while it is an uncountable noun, its plural form can be used to refer to different types of food.

See also mat.

frjánd(i)

wn.m. /frjɛ̀nd/, from ON frændi

1. uncle; the brother of one’s parent

frjándkon(a)

sn.f. /ˈfrjɛ̀nd.ˌkon/, from frjánd and kon

1. cousin; the child of one’s parent’s sibling (female)

For declensions, see kon(a).

See also ill (generic term for cousin) and frjándman (male cousin).

frjándman

sn.m. /ˈfrjɛ̀nd.ˌmɑn/, from frjánd and man

1. cousin; the child of one’s parent’s sibling (male)

For declensions, see man.

See also ill (generic term for cousin) and frjándkon (female cousin).

fylgj(a)

wv. /fyʎ/, from ON fylgja

1. to follow
2. to stand with (metaphorically)

Declensions:

• infinitive: fylgja /fyʎ/
• imperative: fylgja /fyʎ/
• imperative passive voice: fylgjask
• present participle: fylgjand
• past participle: fylgjat

G

gamal

adj. /ˈjɑmɑl/, from ON gamall

1. old, ancient
2. old (age)

gang(a)

iv. /jɑŋ/, from ON ganga

1. to go, to walk, to move or travel on foot
2. to proceed, to advance, to move forward or make progress
3. to function, to open, to work or perform as intended

Declensions:

• infinitive: gang
• imperative: gakk
• imperative passive voice: gangask
• present participle: gangand
• past participle: genginn

gauð

wn.f. /jɔð/, from ON gauð (a barking)

1. a quarrel
2. a heated debate (informal)

Alternative form: jauð

gauð(a)

wv. /jɔð/, from Eittlandic gauð

1. to have a quarrel
2. to argue, have a heated debate (informal)

Alternative form: jauð

Declensions:

• infinitive: gauð
• imperative: gauð
• imperative passive voice: gauðask
• present participle: gauðand
• past participle: gauðin

gef

sn.f. /jev/, from Early Old Norse gjef

1. gift, present

Alternative form: jev

gef(a)

wv. /jev/, from Early Old Norse gjef

1. to give; to transfer the possession of something to someone

   Example

   Ek geft henn bókan.

   I gave her the book.

2. to provide, to supply; to make something available for use

   Example

   Hann gefr oss mat.

   He provides us with food.

3. to cause, to bring about; to make something happen

   Example

   Han geft hanum sorg.

   She caused him sorrow.

4. to yield, to produce; to generate a result or outcome

Declensions:

• infinitive: gef
• imperative: gef
• imperative passive voice: gefask
• present participle: gefand
• past participle: gefit

gegn

adv. /jeɡn̩/, from ON gegn

1. against, opposing

Alternative form: jegn

geit

sn.f. /jɑɪt/, from ON geit

1. she-goat

See also haf

ger(a)

iv. /jer/, from ON göra

1. to do, to make
2. to act

Unlike its English counterpart to do, the Eittlandic verb ger(a) is not a modal verb.

Declensions:

• infinitive: ger
• imperative: ger
• imperative passive voice: gerask
• present participle: gerand
• past participle: gerð

gleym(a)

sv. /ɡløʏm/, from ON gleyma

1. to forget

Alternative form: gløym

Declensions:

• infinitive: gleym
• imperative: gleym
• imperative passive voice: gleymsk
• present participle: gleymand
• past participle: gleymit

The verb gleym takes a dative instead of an accusative.

goð

sn.n. /joð/, from ON goð

1. monotheistic God, mainly Christian, but also Jewish and Muslim

góð

adj. /jɔ̀ð/, from ON góðr

1. good

grað(a)

wn.n. /ɡrɑð/, from Latin gradus

1. degree (general)
2. degree (scholar)
3. degree (geometry)
4. degree (temperature)
5. grade (scholar)
6. military rank

grann(i)

wn.m. /ɡrɑnː/, from ON granni

1. neighbour, someone who lives nearby

See also bú

grá

adj. /ɡrɛ̀/, from ON grár

1. grey, silver (colour)

gríp(a)

sv. /ɡrèp/, from grípa

1. to ɡrip, to ɡrab, to seize; to take hold of something firmly

   Example

   Ek grípt þat sterklig.

   I gripped it stronlgy.

2. to grasp; to comprehend something mentally

   Example

   Ek grípt eig hvat sagja hann.

   I did not grasp what he said.

Declensions:

• infinitive: gríp
• imperative: gríp
• imperative passive voice: grípask
• present participle: grípand
• past participle: grípit

grœn

adj. /ɡrœ̀n/, from ON grǿnn

1. green
2. fresh
3. hopeful, good, happy
4. sn.m. Greenlander (derogatory)

gul

/jul/, from ON gull

1. sn.n. gold (uncountable, singular only)
2. sn.n. jewelry (countable)
3. adj. golden, yellow

H

haf

sn.m. /hɑf/, from ON hafr

1. he-goat

See also geit

hals

sn.m. /hɑls/, from ON hals

1. neck
2. throat
3. narrow passage or strait; a narrow channel of water connecting two larger bodies of water

han

wn.m. /hɑn/, from ON hani

1. a rooster, a cock (animal only)
2. someone who is excessively proud, boastful, or self-important; a person who likes to show off or brag
3. a representation of vigilance, alertness, or watchfulness; a symbol of being on guard or assertive
4. (slightly dated) a representation of masculinity, virility, or male strength; a symbol of male dominance or prowess; used negatively by most native speakers that are not elderly
5. (dated) someone who is a leader or a dominant figure in a group; a person who likes being in charge of and guiding others

haust

sn.n. /hɔʃt/, from ON haust

1. automn, fall, the season of the year following summer and preceding winter, typically occurring from September to November in Eittland

hav(a)

iv. /haβ/, from ON hafa

1. to have; in some dialects, see also há
2. stative auxilliary

Declensions:

• infinitive: hav
• imperative: hav (except 2p haft)
• imperative passive voice: hafsk (except 1p havumsk)
• present participle: havand
• past participle: hafr

Note that there is no difference between singular and plural when using hav(a) in the passive voice.

há

iv. /hɛ̀/, from OE hav(a)

1. to add, to put together, joining something to something else
2. to include, to incorporate, to make something part of a whole
3. (colloquial or dialects) to have, to possess, to be in ownership or control of something; see also hav(a)

Declensions:

• infinitive: há
• imperative: há
• imperative passive voice: hásk
• present participle: hánd
• past participle: háit

hánd

sn.f. /hɛ̀nd/, from EON hánd

1. hand
2. side,direction; a particular direction or orientation, often indicated by the left or right hand
3. agency, involvment; the role or part played by someone in a particular situation

hár

/hɛ̀r/, from ON hár

1. (sn.f.) excellence, distinction; the quality of being outstanding or extremely good

   Example

   Han havir hár í sér verkum

2. (sn.f.) majesty; the quality or dignity of being majestic

hás

adj. /hɛ̀s/, from EON háss

1. white (hair colour)

háv

adj. /hɛ̀β/

1. tall, high

hávn

sn.f. /hɛ̀vn̩/

1. haven, port, harbour

hávuð

in.n. /hɛ̀βoð/, from ON hǫfuð

1. head (body)

háðsdýn

wn.f. /ˈhɛ̀ðzˌdø̀n/, from hávuð and dýn(a)

1. pillow, litt. “head-mattress”

See dýn(a) for declensions.

hef(ja)

sv. /hef/, from ON hefja

1. to heave, lift, raise, move something upward
2. to begin, to start, to initiate an action or event, often with a sense of formality or significance
3. to elevate or raise the status or importance of something
4. to remove or alleviate a burden or difficultyu
5. to enhance or improve something

Declensions:

• infinitive: hef
• imperative: hef
• imperative passive voice: hefjask
• present participle: hefjand
• past participle: hefit

heim

/hɑɪm/

1. sn.m. home
2. adv. (at) home

heils(a)

wn.f. /hɑ:ɪls/, from ON heilsa

1. health

her

wn.m. /her/, from Danish herr.

1. lord
2. Sir, title

hest

sn.m. /heʃt/, from ON hestr

1. horse (generic term)

See also hros

himin

sn.m. /him.in/, from ON himinn

1. sky (generic term)
2. Christian heaven

historja

wn.f. /heʃtˈorjə/, from Latin historia

1. history (school subject)

hjá

adj. /çɛ̀/, from ON hjá

1. near, next to, by (physically and metaphorically)
2. soon
3. by (a book by this author)

hjól

sn.n. /çɔ̀l/, from ON hjól

1. wheel

hlaup(a)

sv. /ɬɔp/, from ON hlaupa

1. to run
2. to rush (figuratively), to hurry

Declensions:

• infinitive: hlaup
• imperative: hlaup
• imperative passive voice: hlaupask
• present participle: hlaupand
• past participle: hlaupit

hler(a)

sv. /ɬer/, from ON hlera

1. to hear
2. to eaves-drop (accidentaly)

Declensions:

• infinitive: hler
• imperative: hler
• imperative passive voice: hlerask (except 1p hlerumk)
• present participle: hlerand
• past participle: hlerit

Its secondary argument is always a secondary noun phrase following tíl if there is one. If the secondary argument only is a noun, it will bear the dative case if the speaker’s dialect uses cases. See hlust(a).

hleð

sn.n. /ɬeð/, from EON hleða, see ON hljóð

1. sound, noise, thing heard
2. unintelligible speech or conversation

hleð(a)

sv. /ɬeð/, from hleð

1. to make a noise
2. (colloquial) to speak in a manner inconvinencing other people around the speaker (e.g. loudly in a bus or on the train)

Declensions:

• infinitive: hleð
• imperative: hleð
• imperative passive voice: hleðsk
• present participle: hleðand
• past participle: hleðat

hlóð

wn.n. /l̥ɔð/, from ON hlóð

1. hearth
2. living room

hlust(a)

wv. /ɬuʃt/, from ON hlusta

1. to listen to

Declensions:

• infinitive: hlust
• imperative: hlust
• imperative passive voice: hlustask (except 1p hlustumk)
• present participle: hlustand
• past participle: hlustit

Its secondary argument is always a secondary noun phrase following tíl if there is one. If the secondary argument only is a noun, it will bear the dative case if the speaker’s dialect uses cases. See

hneis(a)

wn.f. /n̥ɑ:ɪs/, from ON hneisa

1. shame, disgrace, fear
2. reclusion (out of shame or out of fear)
3. social isolation

hneising

wn.n. /n̥ɑɪsinɡ/

1. hermit
2. (modern) shut-in, hikikomori

hnjós(a)

sv. /ɲ̥ɔ̀ːs/, from ON hnjósa

1. to sneeze

Declensions:

• infinitive: hnjós
• imperative: hnjós
• imperative passive voice: hnjósask
• present participle: hnjósand
• past participle: hnjósit

hóst

sn.m. /hɔ̀ʃt/, from ON hóstr

1. lower part of the throat
2. chest

hrifs

wn.n. /r̥ifs/, from ON hrifs

1. assault, mugging

Alternative form: hrivs

hring

sn.m. /r̥iŋ/, from ON hringr

1. ring

Hringarherinssagat

pn. /ˈr̥iŋ.ɑr.ˌher.ens.ˌsɑj.ɑt/

1. The Lord of the Rings, litt. The Story of the Lord of the Ring

hros

sn.n. /r̩os/, from ON hross

1. horse; archaic, poetic word with a connotation of nobility, strength, or wilderness

See also hest

hug(a)

sv. /huɣ/

1. to mind, to think
2. to dwell on
3. to meditate

Declensions:

• infinitive: hug
• imperative: hug
• imperative passive voice: hugask
• present participle: hugand
• past participle: hugit

hugaleið(a)

wv. /ˌhujœˈlɑːɪð/, from hug(a) and leið(a)

1. lead, guide spiritually or philosophically
2. officiate a religious event

Declensions:

• infinitive: hugaleið
• imperative: hugaleið
• imperative passive voice: hugaleiðask
• present participhugale: hugaleiðand
• past participhugale: hugaleiðit

hund

sn.m. /hund/, from ON hundr

1. dog

hús

sn.n. /hòs/, from ON hús

1. house
2. family

hval

sn.m. /ʍɑl/, from ON hvalr

1. whale

hvar

pron. /ʍɑr/, from ON hvar

1. where

Always in the dative case.

hvat

interr. /ʍɑt/, from ON hvat

1. what

hvenár

interr. /ʍen.ˈɛ̀r/, from ON hvenær

1. when

hver

interr. and pron. /ʍer/, from ON hverr

1. which, who
2. every, every one, each

When used in its every meaning, the following noun or noun phrase can be singular only. If the dialect still uses declensions, the noun will bear the genitive case while hver bears the original case. Can only be used with countable nouns.

hvernig

interr. /ˈʍern.eɣ/, from ON hvernig

1. how, in what way

hversdag

/hvers.daɣ/, from hver and dag

1. adj. daily, everyday
2. adv. daily, everyday